![]() ![]() For all column plots, the bars show the mean ± SEM. (E) Mean CDR3 length of IGL, IGK, and IGH. (D) Schematic diagram of B cells and the structure of BCRs. Purple represents IgA, light blue represents IgM, dark blue represents IgG, orange represents IgD and green represents IgE. Each node represents a unique CDR3 sequence based on expression, and the sequences that underwent CSR or SHM are linked by sticks. (C) Networks of IGHs from COVID‐19 survivors. The outside circle represents COVID‐19 survivors, whereas the inside circle represents healthy controls. (B) Expression percentage calculated by reads and uCDR3s in each IGH chain isotype from COVID‐19 survivors and healthy controls. (A) The Pielou evenness, Shannon index, Simpson index, Gini index, D50‐full index, and D50‐head index of IGH, IGK, and IGL chains. For all column plots, the bars show the mean ± SEM. COVID‐19, Coronavirus Disease 2019 SARS‐CoV‐2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 uCDR3, unique complementarity‐determining region.īCR repertoire from COVID‐19 survivors. (D) The Pielou evenness, Shannon index, Simpson index, Gini index, D50‐full index, and D50‐head index of TRA, TRB, TRD, and TRG chains. (C) Expression percentage calculated by reads and uCDR3s in each chain from COVID‐19 survivors and healthy controls. (B) The count number of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific clones in the top 1% clones and part of their sequences. Panes were gathered from top to bottom and from left to right as TRA, TRB, TRD, TRG, IGH, IGK, and IGL chains. Each unique CDR3 clone is treated as a pane with different colors, and the size of the panes is based on expression. (A) Tree maps of the immune repertoire of COVID‐19 survivors. Tree maps of COVID‐19 survivors’ immune repertoire and TCR diversity. Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Because of their abnormal adaptive immune system with a low number of CD3 + CD4 - T cells and high susceptibility to infections, COVID-19 patients might need more time and medical care to fully recover from immune abnormalities and tissue damage. Overall, our findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies remain detectable even after 6 months of recovery. All severe cases complained of more than one COVID-19 sequelae after 6 months of recovery. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization IgG and IgM antibodies were identified in all survivors, especially those recorded with severe COVID-19 who showed a higher inhibition rate of neutralization antibodies. The proportion of CD4 + T cells, especially circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells, was increased, whereas the frequency of CD3 + CD4 - T cells was decreased. A decreased number of B cells but an increased proportion of CD19 + CD138 + B cells were found in COVID-19 survivors. Immune repertoire sequencing revealed abnormal T- and B-cell expression and function with large T cell receptor/B cell receptor clones, decreased diversity, abnormal class-switch recombination, and somatic hypermutation. Here, we analyzed immune repertoires and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization antibodies in a prospective cohort of 40 COVID-19 survivors with a 6-month follow-up after hospital discharge. ![]() Still, it remains largely unclear whether the frequency and functions of T and B cells return to normal after the recovery of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 9 Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China.Īccumulating evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impairs the adaptive immune system during acute infection.8 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.7 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China.6 Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.5 Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.4 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.3 Nanjing ARP Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.2 The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.1 Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. ![]()
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